Post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) is caused by Escherichia coli and it causes local and systemic effects such as diarrhea or dehydration. Sjölund et al. (2014) estimated that low-grade PWD entails annual costs of approximately €40 per sow.
Zinc oxide (ZnO) has been one of the most practical preventive/control measures, but since June 2022, the European Medicines Agency has banned its use in the European Union (EU).